Lessons From the VR Craze of The 1800s

Victorians went wild for stereoscopes—the virtual reality of the industrial revolution

Clive Thompson
9 min readOct 17, 2022

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“Antique Wood & Brass Stereoscope Viewer, Unknown Manufacturer” by Joe Haupt (CC 2.0 license, unmodified)

VR is one of those technologies that always seems just around the corner.

Recently we got a fresh round of chatter about it, when the-company-formerly-known-as-Facebook released its new Quest Pro headset. The quality on that headset is higher than ever, and Meta has poured $15 billion into its attempt to build a metaverse. But not a lot of people are using this new realm. The Wall Street Journal recently reported that only Meta had barely 200,000 monthly active users for Horizon World (its main metaverse offering) — many fewer than the 500,000 they predicted they’d have a year ago. Plus, “most visitors to Horizon generally don’t return to the app after the first month, and the user base has steadily declined since the spring”. Worse, “concurrency” — the number of active users logged in at the same time — isn’t great.

Or to put it another way, Meta has spent about … $75,000 per active monthly user. Yowsa.

Granted, maybe that user base will grow rapidly over the next few years. It doesn’t look that way, but with technology, I never say “never”. And since Mark Zuckerberg is heavily incentivized to pivot to VR — not least to distract from the festering civic mess…

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Clive Thompson

I write 2X a week on tech, science, culture — and how those collide. Writer at NYT mag/Wired; author, “Coders”. @clive@saturation.social clive@clivethompson.net